With increasing population, agriculture and industry, demand for water has increased all over the world. Also, due to the limited water resources in arid and semi-arid areas, the need for water savings is highly felt. Proper water use improves production efficiency per unit area. Water productivity is defined as the ratio of yield or net income derived from the cultivation of a product type to the amount of water consumed to achieve that amount of product or net profit. Due to the size of agricultural land and the lack of sufficient field data, it is practically possible to calculate the agricultural productivity of macro-scale agriculture without the use of satellite data. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of presenting and evaluating new methods of calculating agricultural water productivity or using satellite data as an example in the land of sugar cane development project located in southwestern Iran.
Sugarcane, cultivated in Khuzestan, is a crop that grows in tropical regions and needs a lot of water. The aim of this study was to investigate the water productivity of this plant in sugar cane fields of Salman-Farsi, located at 40 km of Ahvaz-Abadan road, and to investigate the data collected and adapt its analyzes to satellite imagery. Irrigation of farms is carried out by hydrophobic and static method. The experiment was carried out in harvest season. The points were randomly selected along the fields and identified in the depths of 0-30 and 30-60 cm on varieties CP69-1062. We need satellite imagery after taking ground data and testing it on them. The images, taken simultaneously with terrestrial data, are taken by Landsat 8 satellite, with a resolution of 15 to 100 meters from the ground. After downloading these images, by the use of ERDAS2014, ENVI5, we analyzed and compared these data with the SEBAL algorithm, which is a surface energy balance algorithm.For comparing the data a software named SPSS was used.
The calculations were carried out on 9 Landsat 8 satellite images during the period from November 2016 to April 2017, and the zoning maps were derived from indices and parameters such as surface temperature index and evapotranspiration parameter. Subsequently, a new textual hybrid model on satellite data (including evapotranspiration and yield calculations models) was used as WATPRO model to calculate direct water productivity by satellite time series. To evaluate the results, ground data collected at the surface of the sugar cane development plan was used. The results of the calculation of water productivity indicate that the average water productivity in the general mode was 1.2 kg / m3 and using the WATPRO combination model of 1.9 kg / m3, indicating that the values of these two The method and the goodness of the new compounding method. To evaluate the results, ground data collected at the surface of the cucumber development plan was used. Based on the results, evapotranspiration obtained from the Salbar model showed a good correlation with the data of evaporation pan ( = 0.83). The average yield of sugarcane was estimated at 60 tons per hectare during the growing season and the calculated values of yield were well correlated with good distribution ( = 0.835) with satellite images.The difference between satellite and field data is about 9 to 17%. Then, the effects of cane sugar on the accuracy of sugar cane estimation model were investigated. The results showed that the age of the sugar cane is effective on the performance of sugar cane fields. It was observed that with increasing age of sugarcane from cultivation to re-growth, yield decreased and the estimated yield was less correlated with the actual yield of sugar cane. Production of zoning map of water use efficiency in Cane fields will give us a thorough and accurate view of the condition of the fields, which is very important in executive and management issues. The results show that the Sablean algorithm can accurately match the images with terrestrial data, so using it reduces the time and cost of data mining and reduction of ground operations, which increases the speed of decision and program. Future plans will follow.

Iran is among the arid and semi-arid countries of the world and, hence, more than 90% of the country's lands are irrigated on a surface Irrigation. Furrow irrigation is the most common surface irrigation method in the country, one of the disadvantages of which is the low efficiency due to its weak management and design. Using different models and software for designing and evaluating surface irrigation systems is one of the effective ways to increase their performance. WinSRFR 4.1.3 Model consists of different parts for designing, simulating and evaluating a surface irrigation system, Therefore, in the present study, by using field Expriments in summer and autumn of 2016, Sugerance growing farms of Salman Fars Province were evaluated and simulated using WinSRFR 4.1.3 software. In order to carry out the above experiments, nine Furrows were irrigated by hydroflome under different nominal flow rates of 1, 1.5 and 2 l/s. Existing Furrows with a length of 250 m, a distance of 1.83 and a Slope of 0.04%, and the soil of the studied area was in the three different depths 0.30-0.30, 60-90 and 90-60, with clay loam texture. In order to measure the input and output hydrographs, one and two type wsc Flume were used, as well as Advance and Recession times were determined at intervals of 25 meters along the Furrow. Also, in this study, for the purpose of determining the Infiltration parameters of Kostiakov-Lewis equation was used from two field methods (Elliott Walker, Input-Output) and two computer models (IPARM and SIPAR_ID), which measured the amount of water infiltrated in the soil by each The methods were compared using the statistical indicators of the coefficient of determination and relative error and the best of them were determined in comparison with the field conditions. Two Field methods (Two-Point, input-outputs) had a higher accuracy with a relative error value of -8.09 and 6%, respectively, compared to the two computer models IPARM and SIPAR_ID with -25.36 and 27.2%, respectively. Also, NRMSE, R2, d, λ, Ea and Er showed the high accuracy of the software in simulating Advance and Recession times. Also, from the Experimental Discharge, the discharge of 1 l/s with an Objective function of 35.89% compared to two 1.5 and 2 l/s, which had an Objective function of 34.85 and 25/37%, had a more reliable performance. Three lengths of 200, 250 and 300 meters and three slopes of 0.05, 0.04 and 0.03% were used to determine the length and Slope of the land. The results of this study showed that by changing the length from 250 to 200 m, the Objective function increased by 6.5% and by changing the length to 300 m, the objective function was reduced by 6.64%. Also, the effect of slope changes on performance will be about 2 to 5%. In the next step, in order to increase performance, flow management variables were examined, and their effect on the Objective function would be about 59.7%. The maximum application of irrigation systems in sugarcane fields was 3 l/s and the flow time of 379.5 min.

 Although drainage makes it is possible to produce agricultural production in wet and salty soils, the drainage waters trasfer pollutants including pesticides, salts and other contaminants to groundwater and surface water. The new approach in the designation of drainage systems examines both agricultural and environmental goals. In order to evaluate the quality and determine of drainage water reuse for the irrigation of water products (soybean and sunflower), the present survey was conducted at the agricultural research station (number one), Faculty of Engineering Sciences Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran. The study was conducted during a season started from January 2014 and ended in July 2015, on a plot of land (original) with 720 square meters area. The main plot was divided into three sub-segments. Piece (i) with an area of 380 square meters planted with corn, piece (ii) was planted with an area of 100 square meters of soybeans and 36 square meters of piece (iii) was cultivated with sunflower. In the current study, the underground drainage system was used for the transpiration of drainage water from the two larger pieces of land (the first and the second piece). Plot of land with two 9.0 meter trench width, height of 2 mete0rs above the ground and the length of the piece of land that were dug by mechnical shovel. Then, two tube collector were used was placed in the first and second the trenches and the lateral tubes were connected it in order to collect the drainage water. Irrigation of cultivated plants was performed consecutively. So that, after irrigation of corn, the collected drainage water was used to irrigate the soybean product and after that drainage water it was used to irrigate sunflowers. The sampling process of drainage water was done in six time points and at the end of the irrigation the first land piece and before the irrigation of the second and third land pieces. The qualitative parameters Na, Ca, Mg, K, Cl, HCO3, pH, EC and dissolved solids (TDS) in the drainage water were measured using laboratory methods. By investigation the amount of Na in drainage water using SAR and ESP parameters, the classification of water quality was determined by Wilcox method. The results indicated that the Wilcox index was less than 10, so the drainage water has low rate of Na and it was suitable for irrigation. The analysis of amount of K, Ca and Mg showed that the amount of K in the drainage water had not changed and it had an already constant trend. But the amount of Ca and Mg in the drainage water had a downward trenddue to the sediment of Ca. The measurement of the amount of HCO3 and Cl in drainage water indicated that the amount of Cl was over the limit which confirmed the risk of chlorine poisoning in the study. Also, HCO3 changes did not have the same trnend and solubility of this parameter was influenced by various factors and the amount of cations.

Farm experiments are useful in knowing the drainage systems but they have considerable limitations including the inability to use them as prediction tools. Application of simulation models can cover these deficiencies but it is necessary to use the field data for evaluating the accuracy of the models. In this study, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model and Particle Swarm Optimization) ANN+ PSO) is used to predict hydraulic head and groundwater salinity. For this purpose, field R9-11 of the Debal Khazaei sugarcane plantation is selected and number piezometers were installed in different depth and distance from collector. Piezometers hydraulic head changes, the volume of irrigation water and drainage flow were measured from October 2012 to September 2013 on a daily basis. The measured volume of irrigation water, salinity of irrigation water, salinity drainage water and drainage flow in this period were introduced as inputs to the Neural Network. The results showed that the Particle Swarm Optimization method has a highest accuracy in prediction of hydraulic head and groundwater salinity. So that the average of RMSE, MAPE and R2 for ANN model were 0.109, 1.315 and 0.995 and for ANN+PSO model were 0.098, 0.61 and 0.998 in testing period, respectively for hydraulic head. The average of RMSE, MAPE and R2 for ANN model were 0.085, 0.727 and 0.99 and for ANN+PSO model were 0.014, 0.205 and 0.998 in testing period, respectively for groundwater salinity. Also, calculated correlation coefficient showed, all input parameters for simulation of the hydraulic head (the volume of irrigation water and drainage flow) and groundwater salinity (salinity of irrigation water, salinity drainage water and volume of irrigation water) correctly selected and each of them are effective on objective paramaters. Also, the results of mean comparison test between measured and simulated data showed that the predicted values with models were not significantly different with the measured date. So, results showed that the Artificial Neural Network models due to high performance can be used to make management decisions and ensure the use of monitoring results and reduce costs.

Clogging is one of the main problems in drain pipes filters in the time of execution and operation. This phenomenon can be classified in three general category physical, Chemical and biological clogging. Clogging is usually occurs timely and gradually. Combined clogging can make the clogging process very severe. Recognition of the dominant kind of sediment in chemical clogging is as a first step in the recogniz of the problem. This research evaluate the risk of chemical clogging in artificial filters due to sedimentation of calcium carbonate in agricultural drains. In order to achieve this goal Chemical clogging experiments in three modes; continuous exploitation, wet and dry conditions and temperature changes were made. Sampling is done in 1.5 meter below the drains in sultan abad region.The model consists of a polyethylene cylinder containing lace, sand, artificial cover, soil and water. Using input and output that embedded at the top of the cylinder the constant water head execute and thus water flow and hydraulic conductivity based on Darcy’s law can be measured. In this study, there are three treatments. The first treatment is in continuous operating conditions, The second on in interrupted flow conditions and third one under the heat. Each treatment consists of three repetition that finally are 9 cylinders. Based on accomplished tests in 2000 hours is founded that Hydraulic gradient increases until get pick point, then it decrease, until get a constant line. Discharge and hydraulic conductivity in treatment interrupted 19/56 percent and 29/77 percent compared to the heat treatments under continuous treatment decreased.
In quality tests of water and soil it was found that the soil texture is clay-loam. Also, the Amount of cations and anions were measured. Measures show that all quality are increased in the end of tests. General conclusion is that if the fiow was continuos, probability of clogging is minimam. Also the probability of sedimention of calcium carbonate based on three indicators Langelier , Ryznar and Stiff & Davis Index, is calculated. Results showed the probability of sedimentation in permanent condition of water in the soil is excessive but if the water fiow. And passage it from filter, probability of sedimentation get the minimum available level and the clogging will occur at long duration. This duration is more than effective life of drainage system. in additional the Electronic photograph verifed the clogging and sedimention was not occured.
 

 This research has been done to investigate the performance of three type of Geotextile and to compare them to each other. It was done in experimental conditions using permimeter physical model. The type of used Geotextile was pp 450 . In this research, output flow variation from drain and hydraulical conductivity summation of soil and geotextile of each instrument containing specific geotextile, was investigated by some experiments in a period of 2000 hours. Results showed that in a constant water head leads to decrease of output flow from drain and hydraulical conductivity summation of soil and geotextile due to soil particles movement until it reaches to a constant number that is soil-geotextile balance. Comparison of results of used geotextiles showed that A-type geotextile has a better performance and also better drainage coefficient than two other geotextiles and this fact can cause the drainages distances to be more far and thus decreasing the cost. Hydrolical conductivity of type A is 5 percent more than type C and 4 percent more than type B. B and C type geotextiles had almost the same performances while B type had slightly better one.

In most of the world's metropolitan cities, the largest portion of freshwater is allocated to drinking, health care, and industry. So, there might be a severe lack of water for irrigation of agricultural lands. Water quality of irrigating in dry and semidry areas is a critical issue and most of the agricultural problems of dry land are due to chemical properties of irrigation water. In order to mitigate the effects of water crisis, certain agricultural schemes should be implemented because agriculture uses the utmost portion of water for irrigation. This study aims to recognize the impacts of irrigation with Salman Farsi agro-industry sugarcane drain and Karun River water on physical and hydraulic properties of various depths of soil. Our research was accomplished on the first research farm at the Faculty of Water Sciences Engineering of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. The farm was divided into 10 terraces of 1.5×1.5m and nothing was planted. Research framework had a random scheme, three repetitions, and the following irrigation treatments: 1) 75% Karun River water +25% sugarcane drain, 2) 50% Karun River water + 50% sugarcane drain, 3) 25% Karun River Water + 75% sugarcane drain, which were implemented in three depths of soil (0-30, 30-60, and 60-90 cm) and during four periods of irrigation (1, 2, 3, and 4 months). Since the primary EC of drain and Karun River water was known and three levels of irrigation treatment were defined, we examined three levels of salinity (6, 9, and 12 ds/m). The soil texture was gravelly clay loam. After 1, 2, 3, and 4 months after irrigation, physical and hydraulic properties of soil, including bulk density, total porosity, field capacity moisture, permanent wilting point, saturated hydraulic conductivity, peculiar retention, and effective porosity of soil in depths of 0-30, 30-60, and 60-90 cm, and ultimate infiltration rate of the surface layer of soil were measured. Results of the average of three repetitions in every treatment were compared to control treatment (Karun River water). Our analysis revealed the significance of variation of bulk density and porosity, field capacity moisture, permanent wilting point, saturated hydraulic conductivity, ultimate infiltration rate, effective porosity, and peculiar retention at one percent probability level (P<0.01). Increasing the salinity of irrigation water increased bulk density, field capacity moisture, permanent wilting point and peculiar retention (P<0.01), but decreased saturated hydraulic conductivity, ultimate infiltration rate, porosity, and effective porosity (P<0.01).

 
Efficient use of available water is necessary to sustainability product the requirement yields in arid and semi-arid area. The planning that is to be selected for a sustainable allocation of water resources in agricultural lands depends on the cropping pattern and the availability of water resources. In this study, relationship and the constraint functions concerned to the water use efficiency, productivity, benefit and costs should be considered to design the optimal water allocation problem. The study was carried out in cultivated areas of Lishter plain in Kohgiloye and Boirahmad province. The time period was the farming year in duration of 2013 to 2014. The structure of model was simulated by mathematic programing and developed using particle swarm optimization algorithm. After the maximization of objective function (water use efficiency), optimal solutions were suggested for the assessment of the best cropping pattern. In the developed scheduling, there is the solutions with the potential to maximize the net income of cropping pattern in the water shortages problem. The results of the developed model show that the optimal water allocated among various crops is increased for melon, tomato and onion in drought condition. Melon and barley in water use efficiency and net benefit per drop have the maximum and minimum values of evaluation parameters, respectively.

The agricultural sector is the largest consumer of renewable water. Water consumption pattern of reform in this sector could reduce the pressure on water resources. To monitor water use in agriculture, It is necessary that in addition to monitoring irrigation efficiency, which determine the performance of irrigation systems, water productivity indicators also be studied. The research was conducted To evaluate the efficiency of two-way closed-end furrow irrigation and also effect of irrigation management and different levels of nitrogen fertilization on yield, yield components and water productivity of maize. The research was conducted on Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in 2015 and in a land 1000 m2. The experimental design was a Split plot based on randomized complete block with two main treatments, namely furrow irrigation with continuous flow (C) and Cutback furrow irrigation (CB) and four sub-treatments Different levels of nitrogen ( 0, 50%, 75% and 100% supply nitrogen With three replications. Moreover, evaluated both furrow irrigation practices during the season and in a few steps. Was obtained most water application efficiency for furrow irrigation with continuous flow and cutback 67.37 and 89.32 percent respectively. Was recorded in each evaluation, water requirement efficiency equal to 100% for (C) while was variable for (CB) between 88.46 to 99.58 percent. Was obtained deep percolation ratio for (C) between 28.76 to 32.87 percent and for (CB) between 8.8 to 10.7 percent. Calculate the amount of irrigation water during the season for (C) and (CB) equal to 11580 and 8404 m3.ha-1 respectively. Statistical analysis showed that reduce the use of nitrogen fertilizers significantly reduces the maize yield and its components. The study was for grain yield maize value between 5.5 to 10.6 ton.ha-1 and for biological yield maize value between 12.2 to 39.9 ton.ha-1. Due to the high water requirement efficiency for both irrigation practices, the effect of irrigation management in any of the components maize yield was not significant. So it can be said that the main difference registered in the values of the yield and yield components of maize is caused by different levels of nitrogen. Was obtained most of the seed water productivity equal to 1.25 and most water productivity in lieu of biological yield maize equal to 4.15 kg.m3, Which both related to irrigation cutback with 100% nitrogen. The results indicate that cutback irrigation compared with traditional irrigation, in addition to improving irrigation efficiency reducing water consumption at around 27%. The other hand full use of nitrogen fertilizer to produce maximum maize crop. So to improve the water productivity of crops is recommended that in addition to efforts to reduce water consumption to be done for improving product performance. 

Proper management of saline and sadic soils is essential for optimal conservation of soil and water resources. Accumulation soluble salts within the root zone is one of the major problems in arid and semi-arid regions. To overcome this problem, leaching of accumulated salts from such soil is necessary. This study were aimed to investigate the effect of water quality on water consumption and leaching methods .The soils of the sugarcane industry in the form of Salman Farsi disturbed soil columns with a diameter of 7.5 cm and a height of 60 cm of soil water is guided by three Conductivity2/77, 6 and 9 dS /m of two methods of continuous and intermittent the leaching. At different periods, volume output and the measured electrical conductivity and salinity charts and graphs to penetrate to different conditions and the results were analyzed using SPSS software. In tests on continuous leaching, leaching into three different types of water and the hydraulic gradient intermittent leaching method at 2, 4, 8, and four water separation was performed.The results show an increase in the gradient of water leaching, leaching reduces water consumption and decrease the leaching time. By increasing the electrical conductivity of water leaching, drainage outlet and less volume in the equivalence point (1.5-electric conductivity of the water). And water consumption is reduced by increasing the number of interruptions and leaching time increases.

Keywords: leaching, drainage, infiltration plot, soil column
 

In order to investigate the performance of sugarcane bagasse in the removal of nitrate from effluent subsurface drainage water, a study was conducted at the physical models laboratory of water science and engineering faculty of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, in the summer of 2013 till the summer of 2014. A physical model with the dimensions of , which simulated the drainage trench, was utilized in this experiment. Bagasse combined with soil by 3:7 volume ratio, the combination installed as a filter besides the drainage pipe. In this study, the influent nitrate concentration was 160 mg.L-1. Influent nitrate flow was cont. At first, every two days, and then every four days the drainage pipe was sampled. Input and output drainage model solution sampled with plastic bottles. Then some parameters like nitrate, NH4, Ph, EC,Ca, Mg, K measured.
The presence of bagasse as a carbon material in the soil caused the amount of nitrate to reduce from 160 milligrams per liter to 60 milligrams per liter; a reduction of nearly more than 60 percent. The amount of ammonium increased very little in this study. The use of sugar cane bagasse as a filter drainage, reduces the acidity of the drainage outlet. It had no effect on the electrical conductivity. Physical model results show that the clogging of the filter in this period was relatively low and carbon filter had good performance. At first, the water output velocity was high but it decreased by time.
 

 Soil salinity is a process in which soluble salts accumulate in the surface layer of the soil to the extent that the surface layer loses its potential as a place for plants to grow and develop. With the expansion of the area under cultivation, water requirement for leaching saline lands has increased considerably. That is why in this research the effects of various leaching methods(unsaturated-zone leaching, saturated-zone mixing, and intermittent leaching) each in three treatments and with three replications were studied with the purpose of minimizing the time and volume of water required for leaching salts from heavy soils.
The soil studied in this research was of the non-arable land belonging to the Salman Farsi Agro Industry Co. Soil samples were taken from the two depths of 0-30 and 30-60 centimeters. After sieving, the soil was poured in a PVC cylinder to form a column with the internal diameter of more than 7 and height of 150 centimeters, and was tested after compaction. The water required for leaching was taken from the Karun River in the urban area of Ahvaz. In each stage of the experiments, the time, the salinity, and the volume of drainage water leaving the soil were recorded. At the beginning of the experiments when changes in soil column salinity were considerable, more samples were taken to carefully observe changes in salinity. Sampling continued until drainage water salinity became constant and changes in salinity of two consecutive samples approached zero.
The experiments showed the results of the intermittent method of leaching (in the treatment of irrigating the soil eight times) were more desirable compared to the other methods with respect to the volume of water used and the time needed for leaching. Moreover, results concerning simulations of improvement in soil salinity in the intermittent method (in the treatment in which the soil was irrigated 8 times) using the Hydrus-1D model indicated acceptable overlapping and correlation (R2=0.96) with the actual results of the experiments.

 Nitrate is a Non concentrated source of environmental pollution caused by fertilizer overdose in agricultural wastewater. These poisonous compound are accumulated in aquatics tissues specially fish and affect their reproduction and procreation. Usually in order to eliminate nitrate from different urban, agriculture and industrial wastewater using of physical, chemical and biological method. Which are very complicated and expensive in industrial scales. Surface absorbtion method is one of the useful methods in removing nitrate compound. Due to high cost of using active carbon, Researchees are always looking for a proper. Bagasse is one of the wastages of suger cube industry which includes the some amounts of cellulose, Pentozan and lignin.
In this Theisis, efficiency of sugarcane bagasse absorbent in order to eliminations of solution nitrate in agricultural drainage and the absorption isotherms and kinetics has been review.
Balance isotherms, Absorbtion kinetic and the effect of absorbent modified parameters, PH, size of absorbant particle,concentration of curret absorbent in the solution, nitrate concentration and duration of time contact on the amount of nitrate absouption are some items which are investigated. Balance of both isotherms of Langmuir and Freundlich and absorption kinetic for first degree, second degree and Elovich situticns are investigated too. Experiences have been done in vitro, on artificial drainage and following taguchi test analyzing method by Minitab software, and reduction nitrate from drainage by spectrophotometer unit DR/5000 model, by company HACH with wave long 275nm, and according to 10049 method standard of this unit have been done.
result of this research show that, rate of nitrate absorb by sugarcane bagasse absorbent from agricultural drainage in under review parameters, for acid absorbent modified, bagasse particles diameter 210µm, nitrate concentration 60 , absorbent concentration 20 g/lit, PH=4 and duration of contact 60 minute among of other levels in this parameter have a high possibility and this result as a optimal point in elimination of nitrate from aqueous solution by sugar cane bagasse absorbent have been introduce. In the other hand, data analyses demonstrative that, nitrate concentration parameter, among of other parameter, have a high effect on nitrate. Absorb reaction by absorbent, and absorbent particles diameter has a least effect. In this research evidence show that, by increasing of nitrate concentration and contact duration with solution, and too, decreasing of absorbent particles diameter and absorb environmental pH in the absorbent rate with explicit limit, elimination of nitrate by sugarcane bagasse will be increased. The type of absorption was second degree, chemical and absorption isotherm was determined to be Langmuir. Obtained results showed the proper and high capacity of absoption that if it would be successful in industerial dimensions.

Use of synthetic envelopes in Europe, America and also popular Egypt. according to the result that are very promising application of such envelopes in our country has also been considered. in 1994 the company cane and accessories industry promotion developed an experimental farm where used this type of envelopes, but due to un- completion of experiments, led the clear results .were not the the overall purpose of this study was to evaluate the technical implementation of the underground drainage system in agro - industry Salman Farsi , using two of the coverage of mineral contains and synthetic envelope with polyphore index pp pores 450 micron. to achieve the above mentional fields , R-12-19 and R-12-17 (zone 4) in Agro - Industry Salman Farsi , were selected and it the following review was conducted: 1- check the drainage system underground water table flucluations, soil, ground water level control 2- study design parameters 3- provide technical evaluation criteria that cover to used in under ground drainage system. in this a research procedure, the mineral envelope with synthetic coating were compared. in this a research is any field of a selected lateral wells observation for measurement of hydraulic resistance measurements. and the other parameters required carve table. on drain and the drain line between the two distance laterals. 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 leangth of laterals have been installed. results obtained from each of these indicate it has been. that RGWD in experimental with synthetic envelope was 0.8 and in mineral envelopes was 1.01, with indicates performance is good of both systems. SEI indicate were negative for both the cover and the represents a departure is salt from the soil profile another indicate REC showed that experimental farm mineral 1.94 and 2.86 in the second field with synthetic envelope and covering mineral is better than. but result have been such that the efficiency of filtration drainage drain resistance and the constant flow cumulative resistance for synthetic envelope, respectively 0.44, 0.47 and 1.95, and declaring results for mineral coating 0.035, 0.48 and 0.37, after reviewing and summarizing results of the evaluation showed similar performance synthetic envelopes and mineral coating to be replaced as the mineral account of the synthetic cover.

A field lysimetric investigation was designed during the (2013) in lysimetric station located in department of water Resources Engineering in Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University to find (Cicerarietinum L) water requirement and crop coefficients. Cicerarietinum L is one the important plant in Lorestan which covers more cultivated lands compare to the other plants. Therefore, 4 drainable lysimeter designed. The diameter was 0.45m and height of 0.8m. The crop density was 50 plant per m^2, then by using the water balance model, actual evapotranspiration was estimated. The 〖ET〗_cof Cicerarietinum L measured 438.04 mm. The potential evapotranspiration also estimated by lysimeter. The value of 〖ET〗_0 obtained equal 550.20 mm. Moreover, the best pan coefficient also determined by comparing with lysimetric results. For comparison the different parameters such as RMSE, MBE, MAE and r were used. Finally, the results showed that the equation Hargereaves and FAO-Penman-Montehith and pan cofficient FAO is the best model for the region. Also, the crop coefficient for initial, development, middle and late season of Cicerarietinum L were estimated as (0.488, 0.955, 1.083 and 0.371).

Saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil, pore size distribution parameter and the percentage of flow through the vents are importants parameters for understanding some aspects of unsaturated soil moisture flow, which are related to the soil structure. Biological activities, agricultural practices, climate and other factors that affect the soil structure cause changes in soil hydraulic properties. in order to investigate these changes, field measurements using disc infiltrometer model 2805D20K1 with a radius of 10 cm at matric potentials of -15, -10, -6, -4, -3 and 0 cm, in a growing season of wheat (cv. Chamran) consists of five time series from October 2012 to April 2013, was conducted on agricultural lands of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran. Soil at these site is classified as loam. A disc with multi tension method was applied and thus the steady state infiltration rates were analyzed by Logsdon & Jaynes method.Experiment were conducted in a completely randomized design with five treatments and three repetitions. The obtained data was analyzed by statistical software SPSS 16. The analysis of variance was done and the means were compared using LSD test.The mean of the estimated α values in time steps 1 to 5 are equal to 0.24, 0.20, 0.18, 0.28 and 0.30 (1/cm) and hydraulic conductivities at matric potential of -15 cm are equal to 0.19, 0.15, 0.13, 0.20 and 0.13 (cm/hr). The result of the proportion of variance showed that culvert openings have not changed by time except for the macroporosoity vents.Results of ANOVA showed that time had significant impact on unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (except at matric potential of -15 cm) and values of Gardner α, at 5 percent level Also, the least impacts are on matric potential of -15 cm. From beginning to middle days of plants, hydraulic conductivity amounts had decreasing trend. Dry and moist cycles due to rainfalls in short intervals and irrigations in this period of time, caused soil grains structure collapse and its bulk density increase simultaneously. Soil compaction caused its structure destruction, decrease in soil permeability factor than water and air and as a result hydraulic conductivity decrease. In last days of plant season with root growth and expansion completion and temperature increase, meaningful increase in hydraulic conductivity was observed.