4 optimization models were developed in this study. These models include a model to reduce the yield estimation error under deficit irrigation and three other models which allocate water optimally to the cropping pattern of Hamidiya irrigation network which is consisted of wheat, bean, barely, rice, sesame, canola, cabbage, cucumber, tomato and vegetables in 2015-16 water year. Crop response factors modification model results demonstrated that the yield estimation error using the modified stagewise crop response factors is less than the yield estimation error using the stagewise crop response factors proposed by former studies. Results also indicated that revenue-cost ratio could be increased up to 4% for most. Furthermore, WUE is increased at least 9%, while consumed water is reduced to 297 MCM at least. Net benefit is increased for 3 and 2 percent in the first and third scenarios, respectively. In the second scenario, net benefit is reduced for 2%, so the results indicate that optimal water allocation is also an economic choice to make. Results from the model with the objective to increase net benefit indicated that consumed water is reduced for 25.4 MCM, while net benefit is increased for 25% and 27.9% of the non-cultivated areas could be cultivated again. In the last optimization model, net benefit increased for 22.3% and WUE is increased for 3 percent, while the water consumed in this model is equal to the current consumed water in Hamidiya irrigation network. Generally, it could be concluded that optimization is an effective tool in irrigation water allocation in order to achieve better water management.

The investigations show that the flow of water from a magnetic field affects the overall behavior of water molecules. Magnetization of water leads to changes in the water's properties (including increasing the solubility of certain compounds and reducing the surface tension of water). This study was carried out to study the effect of magnetic salt water on drip irrigation and some physical and chemical parameters of soil in drip irrigation under sunflower cultivation. Six treatments consisted of two irrigation water treatments (factor A), magnetic water and non-magnetic water as the main factor and three levels of salinity (factor B) including Karoon River water and salinity of 4 & 6 dS / m as a factor. The experimental design was factorial in a completely randomized block with three replications. The site of the project was at the farm number events of the Faculty of Water Engineering at Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. According to the results of this study, clgging was observed in non-magnetic control treatment (5.4%), magnetic control (4.95%), non-magnetic water treatment with salinity 4 (dS / m) 16.94%, magnetic water treatment with salinity 4 (dS / m) 10.86%, non-magnetic water treatment with salinity 6 (dS / m) 17.51%, and treatment with magnetic water 6 (dS/ m) was 11.03%. Investigations showed that clogging was less than non-magnetic treatments in magnetic treatments. Magnetic water reduces the coefficient of variation in the production of emitters, increases the uniformity of the emitters and reduces the coefficient of variation of the discharge emitters. Also, magnetic water reduced 19.07% soil electrical conductivity (P˂0.01), 15.64% calcium (P˂0.01), 19.76% magnesium (P˂0.01), 26.13% sodium (P˂0.01), 34.92% potassium (P0.01), 24.11% chlorine (P˂0.01), 59.18% carbonate (P0.01) and 16.48% soil sulfate (P˂0.01) have been shown. Results showed that Magnetic water had no significant effect on pH (P˂0.05, bicarbonate, effective porosity, soil specific storage and moisture content around emitters. Probably the reason for reducing these elements in irrigation with magnetic water is the higher solubility of magnetic water than ordinary water, which causes soil leaching.

 Most of the country's regions face a drop in the quality and quantity of agricultural water resources. Due to the increasing expansion of greenhouse crops and the importance of greenhouse cucumber product, in order to evaluate the simultaneous effect of salinity and water stress on growth and yield and water productivity of cucumber, three levels of irrigation I100, I85 and I70 were 100 , 85 and 70% of plant water requirement, three salinity treatments S1, S2 and S3 were 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 dS/m respectively, in split plot arrangement in a completely randomized design with five replications in greenhouse culture and In the greenhouse of the faculty of agriculture in the fall and winter of 1395 in Ahvaz. Performance and quantitative performance indicators( average weight, length and diameter of the fruit) were measured during the experiment. Analysis of performance data and performance indicators and plant growth indices showed that the interaction of water and salinity stress on studied traits was not significant except fruit yield, fruit number and root fresh weight, but with increasing water and salinity stress, the average traits were reduced. The highest yield of cucumber was obtained in S1I100 treatment with about 8.05 kg and the lowest in S3I70 treatment with 4.22 kg. The highest amount of water use efficiency was obtained from S1I100 treatment with about 71.34 kg/m3 and its lowest value was S3I85 with about 52.24 kg/m3. The same product curves show that by increasing the amount of irrigation, it is possible to use waters with higher salinity levels without changing the yield of greenhouse cucumbers.

this experiment In order to analyze the application of sugarcane Baggase in controlling the clogging of the agricultural sub-surface drain envelopes, was conducted at the physical models experimental lab of the Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz between February 2016 And September 2016. The physical model utilized in this practice for simulating the drainage trench consists of a 150cm High, 40cm Wide and 120cm Long trench. The Sugarcane Baggase with a volumetric ratio of 30 to 70 was mixed with soil and placed around the drainage pipe and was established to flow continuously for 2,000 hours. in other tests not covered bagasse. The soil and irrigation water used in this study was taken from Rahmormoz district. The in-flow continuously passed through the system from the beginning to the end of the experiment. At first, samples were taken from the out-let of the drain pipe once per three days and then once per five days. Then the amounts of acidity, electrical conductivity, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, potassium, Carbonates and bi-carbonates were determined. Furthermore, the quantities of out-flowand changes in water table level were recorded.
Based on the results obtained in the present study, the discharge of water from the limy soil used in this study was approximately mitigated by 29 percent during the whole study period, being 1/1 lit/min and 0/78 lit/min in the first (day one) and last day (day seventy) of experiment when a layer of Baggase was placed around the drain pipe. This is while, it decreased from the value of 1 lit/min in the day one (first day) to 0/48 lit/min in the day seventy (last day) (an overall decrease of about 52 percent) when there was no Baggase around the drain pipe. This implies that the decrease in the amount of out flow from the drain pipe was mitigated by 23 percent as a result of Baggase. Furthermore, according to the conducted paired T-test, the placement of a layer of Baggase had no significant effect on the pH and EC of the out-let flow. While the results of this study on the difference between the quantity of Calcium and Magnesium in the in-flow and out-flow showed a significant difference at the 95% significance level. Bagasse increased the concentration of calcium and magnesium was output.
 

    Utilizing Pressurized irrigation system especially drip irrigation is one the most critical strategies in increasing the efficiency of water consumption to control and overcome the growing crisis of water consumption in our country. In this regard, technical evaluation of drip irrigation systems leads to detecting their pros and cons in addition, discovering new strategies for better and more accurate design in order to achieve higher efficiency in irrigation.
In this study, we are about to investigate technical evaluation of drip irrigation systems and the effect of different tilt on them. For this, five gardens which were equipped with drip irrigation system were studied by means of in-line dropper with relative sensitivity to pressure. During this study, features including: average surface wetness, shading surface, droppers' discharge, Uniformity coefficient, Uniformity of water distribution, Potential water use efficiency, The actual efficiency of water use in low quarter and working pressure average in systems with different tilt were surveyed. Mean variation correlation of droppers' discharge in systems with different tilts was studied using a T test and the mean variation of discharges was assessed with confidence coefficient of 95%. In addition, the correlation of above-mentioned features was depicted in diagrams. Eventually, investigating aforementioned parameters demonstrated that by increasing the tilt, wetness area, shading surface, Christian Uniformity coefficient, Uniformity of distribution, Uniformity of droppers' discharge, and the efficiency of water-use potential will be reduced respectively from 6% to 24%, 18.1% to 8%, 53% to 30%, 94% to 92%, 92% to 86%, 84% to 78% and 76% to 70%. In addition, the mean of droppers' discharge will be increased from 3.45 to 4.14 and the amount of working pressure average will be increased from 9.8 to 15.4. Eventually, investigating aforementioned parameters demonstrated that all features decrease as increasing of tilt except the working pressure average which adversely increases.   

 In this study 11080.5 ha have been examined plain of Izeh in the North East of Ahvaz, capital of Khuzestan province in terms of irrigation methods. Therefore, by studying methods land evaluation were chosen to determine suitable locations for three different surface irrigation, sprinkler, drip and taking into account available information Root and the storyʼs parametric evaluation method. The study on land of Izeh the semi-detailed soil studies underlying area & extract eight factors slope, texture, depth, salinity, drainage, salinity, alkalinity, water and wind speed, using geographic information systems (GIS) maps of land suitability for surface irrigation, drip and sprinkler were prepared.The final determination of these parameters, and after taking into account the relevant rating irrigation capability index (Ci) is calculated and areas suitable for different irrigation methods were extracted. The results showed that in plain of Izeh the drip irrigation for 7451 hec (67%) of land was highly suitable (S1), for surface irrigation 6300 hectares (57%) is very appropriate. Also There are no region suitable for sprinker irrigation. In comparison irrigation systems because of the capability index for drip irrigation was higher then other irrigation system so this system was selected as the most suitable.The most important limiting factors in the area were water quality (salinity), soil texture and soil depth.

 Modeling is one of the indirect methods to study the groundwater resources, which has currently attracted a lot of attention due to its high efficiency, and its lower cost than other methods. The aim of the present study was to quantitatively simulate the groundwaters of Mianab plain in Shushtar, using MODFLOW and MT3DMS models and AquaGMS software. The study area was 2/453 square kilometers, divided to a layer of 3200 cells with dimensions of 500 × 500. The quantitative model was designed and calibrated at stable state in a one month period (1388, October), and at unstable state in a one-year period (from October 2009 to September 2010), with four tension cycles, each cycle a time step. The model performed well at the validation step. The sensitivity analysis of the model to various parameters in the unstable state proved that the model offers the most sensitivity to the hydraulic conductivity, before other parameters such as the amount of pumping, the surface feeding rate and the specific yield. The qualitative simulation for the chloride ion in unstable state was performed in a one-year period (from October 2009 to September 2010). Three scenarios were defined for the qualitative simulation: 1- To predict the changes of chloride ion concentration in the case of doubling the feed water concentration. 2- To predict the changes of chloride ion concentration in the case of increasing the pumping of wells in operation to 10 percent 3- To predict the changes of chloride ion concentration in the case of decreasing the pumping of wells in operation to 10 percent. The results of all the three scenarios showed that the amount of measured chloride concentration is more than the measured amount of concentration of the chloride presented in the qualitatively observed wells.

 Nitrate is a Non concentrated source of environmental pollution caused by fertilizer overdose in agricultural wastewater. These poisonous compound are accumulated in aquatics tissues specially fish and affect their reproduction and procreation. Usually in order to eliminate nitrate from different urban, agriculture and industrial wastewater using of physical, chemical and biological method. Which are very complicated and expensive in industrial scales. Surface absorbtion method is one of the useful methods in removing nitrate compound. Due to high cost of using active carbon, Researchees are always looking for a proper. Wheat Stalk is very poor and are available in huge amount which includes the some amounts of cellulose, and lignin. In this Theisis, efficiency of Wheat Stalk absorbent in order to eliminations of solution nitrate in contaminated waters and the absorption isotherms and kinetics has been review. Balance isotherms, Absorbtion kinetic and the effect of absorbent modified parameters, PH, size of absorbant particle,concentration of curret absorbent in the solution, nitrate concentration and duration of time contact on the amount of nitrate absouption are some items which are investigated. Balance of both isotherms of Langmuir and Freundlich and absorption kinetic for first degree, second degree are investigated too. Reduction nitrate from soloution by spectrophotometer unit DR/5000 model, by company HACH with wave long 275nm, and according to 10049 method standard of this unit have been done. result of this research show that, rate of nitrate absorb by Wheat Stalk absorbent from contaminated waters in under review parameters, for acid absorbent modified, Wheat Stalk particles diameter under 125µm, nitrate concentration 120 , absorbent concentration 3 g/lit, pH=4 and duration of contact 180 minute among of other levels in this parameter have a high possibility and this result as a optimal point in elimination of nitrate from aqueous solution by Wheat Stalk absorbent have been introduce.

 This research aims at the development of a nonlinear programming model for multi-purpose in order to determine the pattern of the cultivation and water allocation at the level of irrigation networks on the basis of the functions of production and uniformity of water play. Using the data and information of irrigation network of Maroon, The developed model is run and the results evaluated. The results showed that among the products network cropping pattern, Sesame have maximum index value net profit efficiency to water volume and the corn have minimum amount of the index. In normal conditions and for Network optimization cultivation pattern, the value of this indicator for these two products, to arrange 10652 and 535 RIALS/M3 has been estimated. Most cultivation in drought and wet year condition related to the canola and Sesame to arrange 9618 and 9704 HA was set. The calculation indicates that it is in terms of drought can be used with a management of cropping pattern, the amount of the overall network efficiency index has to 13024 RIALS/M3.
The findings of the research showed, with the implementation of the optimal cropping pattern and apply appropriate low-watering it can be an indicator of efficiency irrigation water and economic value of water unit at the different courses of the units in the appropriate limit is stabilized. In this regard, with management in the type and the crops cultivation and allocation of resources surface water, the difference a small amount of this indicator in terms of drought and wet years for The study case network was minimized. The assessment carried out showed that the model developed in determining the optimal allocation of water and cropping pattern in different conditions blue have been favorable performance and hence its usage in order to improve the efficiency of water consumption, upgrade the level of income of the local lifters who strive And providing the possibility of developing And sustainable management of water resources in irrigation network level is advisable. In the proposed cultivation patterns on the compatibility check out with the social and cultural conditions of the study area with Using a process of hierarchical analysis, cropping patterns relative to current mode was more compatible.

Corn is one of the most important and most common crops since the world's population is rising, agricultural production should also rise, but requirement to water is one of the most important limiting factors for agricultural production in the world. Different deficit irrigation techniques, the proper solution is to save irrigation water. To assess physiological indicators and water use efficiency of corn plant under the management of deficit irrigation in a completely randomized design with three replications in experimental farm, College of agriculture, no. 2 in the year came into force. 100, 75 and 50 percent were in need of waterfed corn. In this experiment to verify the role of underground water in partnerships in supplying plant need during drought, the depth of the underground water level has been kept 70 cm of the soil surface constant in order to cultivate the corn plant and holding therefore level of was used together with a value of 100% of patients need blue without the presence of the surface was considered. The results showed that as the amount of water stress is more reduced plant performance also showed that the percentage of participation of the groundwater in the fertilizer application 100 % against, 7/3 in 6/24% against 75% of patients and in patients 50 % participation to 6/35 percent. The effect of water stress on the water efficiency of corn for grain yield and dry matter at the level of 5% was statistically significant and showed that stress, increase water efficiency is ultimately with the physiological indices were obtained as a result of the drought which reduced the amount of chlorophyll concentration, photosynthetic rate and orifice conductivity and the amount of the plant's aging process indicators show that a reduction. It means after eighth week afformentiond indices have aquiered a decending trend

Abstract :
Exploitation of natural water resources and use it for drinking and agricultural use requires an understanding of the quantity and especially the quality of it. The ultimate recipients of water pollution from human activities. In the case study conducted, qualitative analysis is based on data available at stations located on rivers GarGar Shoshtar Bandeghir samples obtained in Khuzestan Water years since 2003 to 2012 and compared with a drawing of Piper and Wilcox standards for water quality analysis was performed to determine the correlation between variables, the method of principal component analysis (PCA) was used. Mann-Kendall trend data to determine the slope of the regression line was used. Well simulated by the model QUAL2KW ammonium and nitrate during 2012 was done in order to quantities Shtyaby model results R² and absolute errors were calculated. The results showed that water GarGar tend toward Chloride. The river water for agriculture at the beginning and at the end of the river, the river C₃-S₂ grade class was C₄-S₃And suggests a decline in water quality in the river for agricultural irrigationAnd along the river due to the entry of contaminants into the river water quality is diminished. Evaluation of quality parameters revealed that the remaining parameters salts, electrical conductivity, bicarbonate, chloride, calcium, and significant upward trend parameters, pH and flow rate has a significant downward trend in the level of 99 percent are And along the river due to the entry of contaminants into the river water quality for agriculture reduced. PCA results showed that the most important water quality parameters in the river GarGar parameters, SAR, SO₄ and HCO₃ are the type of land use in this area, which is urban agriculture, It was important to indicate that the use of fertilizer and agricultural fertilizers and urban sewage discharge into the river GarGar ShoushtarThe three most important parameters in determining the cause of action as the river's water quality is determined. The simulation results showed the feasibility and accuracy of the data despite being small, well-managed QUAL2KW model parameters NO₃ and NH₄ with simulation, the simulation results show the suitability of the parameters for agriculture, and most of the river pollution in wastewater drains are agriculture and aquaculture.
 

Correct and essential design is one of the important factors in development and improvement of pressurized irrigation systems. This research was performed using Miriam-keller method in order to investigate drip irrigation system implemented in Shahid Rajaayi Agro-Industry, Dezful. To do this, six systems were selected as a drip irrigation system. These systems were different in terms of lateral pipe layout and nominal discharge of drippers. Drippers used in these systems were Compensating Emitters with 2.2, 4, 8 and Micorojet 68 liters/hour Flow rates and had parallel and pig-tail configurations. To evaluate irrigation systems, Christiansen Uniformity Coefficient (CU), Emission Uniformity (EU), Potential Efficiency of Low Quarter (PELQ) and Actual Efficiency of Low Quarter (AELQ) parameters were used. Mean values of the above parameters in the evaluated systems were obtained 95.12%, 91.68%, 82.91% and 91.2%, respectively. Among systems evaluated, System A5 from Plot 110, with pig-tail lateral layout and 8 liter/hour drippers was selected as the best system in terms of measured parameters. Values of Uniformity Coefficient (CU), Emission Uniformity (EU), Potential Efficiency of Low Quarter (PELQ) and Actual Efficiency of Low Quarter (AELQ) for this system were 98, 95.8, 86.22 and 95.8 percent, respectively. Values of Emission Uniformity obtained for the evaluated five systems were in "Perfect" class. Low difference of values of PELQ and AELQ indicates good management of these systems and suitable design of them.

In order to Study the Chemical Clogging and its effect on Hydraulic Performance of Emitter Irrigation System, four treatments includes Compensating Emitters (Netafim and Micro-Flapper), Non-Compensating Emitters (Mehr and Goldani), three treatment of Flow rates that includes 8, 4 and 2 Liters per hour were selected and tested using Karun River’s water in No. 1 Research Farm of Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz. The experiment was conducted in a Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD) and Irrigation was performed in 31 times with Irrigation Frequency for two days, at pressure of 1.5 bar. The results showed that decreasing of Flow rate of Micro-Flapper emitter with 8 and 4 LPH flows is higher than the other treatments and this decreasing is significante at the five percent signification level. Also the Micro-Flapper emitter with 2 LPH flows has the lowest decreasing of flow rate. Based on field observations, herniation of silicon diaphragm that used in Micro-Flapper emitters with 8 and 4 LPH flows is the main reason for the reduction of flow rate and high values of CV, qvar and qd. So in this particular case the Chemical sediment did not impose a major effect. Turbulent regime of water at the outlet is the reason of resistance against the chemical clogging in the Micro-Flapper emitter with 2 LPH flows. In Netafim emitter with 8 and 4 LPH, despite having the significant Clogging in five percent signification level have a minimal values of CV, qvar and qd and high values of EU and CU. In this experiments, the treatment which had the lowest Coefficient of manufacturing Variation, was accounted to it the lowest coefficient of variation of flow rate and the highest Emission Uniformity of variation. In most treatments during the Irrigation, values of CV, qvar and qd increased and values of EU and CU decreased. According to the results presented, the Goldani emitter with 8 GPH flows is rated and selected as the TOP emitter in both terms of resistance against the chemical clogging and hydraulic performance parameters than other emitters.

Abstract :
The modeling is an indirect method to study underground water resources. This method has come popular because of its high effectiveness and low cost rather than the other methods. We used Modflow PMWIN 5.3 and PMWINPro in this study. Our region is a drainage and irrigation that has placed in Dezful – Andimeshk plain. Scanned data of underground water resources, lithological parameters, hydrogeological parameters and raining data have been utilized in our model.
Updated model used in this study has been meshed with 130 columns and 134 rows of block center type with 500 * 500 meters dimensions and 17420 cells. To calibrate our measurements, we used 2009-2011 data and to validate our model we implemented data of 2011-2012. Then, these data has been used to predict water resources level and bill of 2012 and later. Calibration method of the model was Auto Calibration with help of pest module of PMWIN software. Finally, we investigated four capable regions of drainage and irrigation using the model and collected data. In this regions, we modelled two scenarios to substitution surface irrigation with sinks. The results show elimination of 2800 and 5740 hectares of surface irrigation and substitution with 40 and 95 sinks with 20 up to 35 lit/s flow rate. This project solved an important problem of 5700 hectares of capable regions. Also, we considered feasibility and long term stability of a new balance in aquifer

Abstract :
Water stress is one of the most important factors in functional restriction especially in agricultural products; consequently, it dedicates a large part of managerial and irrigation decisions to itself. In order to assess and quantify this factor several indicators have been proposed. Among these indicators water stress by the Idso approach can be mentioned. It is used to estimate water stress on the crop by the leaf temperature. The most important effective parameter on this index is the root development moisture zone. This study took place in 2012-2013 in Salman Farsi sugarcane cultivation and industry for the time of April to October on the R8-1 farm in the southern part of Ahvaz. In order to obtain the necessary parameters for the calculation of the first sugarcane species harvest crop water stress index "CP48-103", a relationship between sugarcane crop water stress index, the root zone soil moisture and the leaf sheath moisture was established so as to be used as a standard method for irrigation planning. Field data collected in this study include air temperature, the wet thermometer temperature, crop’s green cover temperature, root zone soil moisture and leaf sheath moisture percentage. Important parameters of crop water stress index are the bottom baseline or the line in need of stress and it expresses the relationship between the canopy cover temperature difference, air temperature “TC – Ta” and vapor pressure deficit “VPD”. To obtain this parameter, the green cover temperature measurement is carried out in that part of the farm which is irrigated about 48 hours ago and the plant transpires in potentiality. In this study the lower baseline in different days and months of the growing season was obtained. Statistical analysis showed there is no significant difference between these lines; consequently, for the entire growth period a single relationship could be presented. The other parameter in water stress index is the upper baseline which represents the maximum temperature difference between the green cover and air temperature. It happens when the transpiration is stopped and the crop experiences its full tension. In this case, this line is free from vapor pressure deficit and turns into a horizontal line. This line is associated with the lower baseline. In this study the relationship between the upper baselines was obtained for the different months of cultivation period. In this study also the amount of crop water stress index in different months and days in eight points of the farm with hygrometer was calculated and the regression equation between the water stress index and root zone moisture for different months and the whole growing season was obtained. Also the water stress index for some parts of the farm which their irrigation took place several days ago, confronting water deficit for transpiration was calculated. We sampled these crops and their leaf sheath moisture was calculated in the laboratory and finally the regression relationship between wetness and water stress index value was obtained. By having the amount of permitted moisture and using the obtained relations the amount of permitted water stress can be obtained, coming back to the field and measuring the temperature and green cover the amount of water stress index field was calculated. If the index is greater than the permitted amount the farm is in need of water otherwise the farm water content would be appropriate. Also, by having the obtained relations different scenarios of irrigation can be applied.